Coagulation and flocculation processes are conventionally applied to remove suspended solids from water bodies and reduce the emissions of harmful particles into the environment after treatment processes. While effective for larger solids, its effectiveness reduces with smaller particle sizes, leading to emissions of substantial amounts of (potentially harmful) micro- and nanoparticles, such as nanoplastics and metal/metal oxides. While coagulation and flocculation processes have widely been applied, they are currently considered more of a “craft” than based on science. Several models have been...